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R. K. Rai ¹, R. S. Tetu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Amravati-444606, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Applying mathematical models to obtain optimal solution for water transmission system has been of major concern during the last few decades. Optimization problem for water transmission system is considered as a non-linear problem during the search process to identify the decision variables (i.e. pipe diameter and cost of pipe and pump). In this paper, flow path algorithm has been adopted to obtain the optimal design of the basic unit of water transmission system involving pumping i.e. three reservoir systems. The effect of pumping head on the optimal design of water transmission system has been considered in this work.

Keywords

Flow Path Algorithm, Lagrange Multiplier Method, Optimization, Water Transmission System.

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R. K. Rai ¹, S. A. Deshmukh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

The design of gravity sewer and sewer line can be done using Hazen-Williams and Manning equations. The selection of pipe diameter depends upon sewer pipe materials, and minimum size, minimum and maximum velocities and slope; and for economical design, all these factors need to be considered. This paper deals with the optimal design of sewer line using Hazen-Williams and Manning equations as hydraulic model, and dynamic programming as optimization tool. The feasible set of diameter can be obtained considering the relative depth ratio, maximum and minimum velocities. The head loss is calculated for each diameter and the same is rounded off to the next higher value at an increment of 5 mm. The optimal solutions obtained using both the equations are presented in this paper.

Keywords

Dynamic Programming, Hazen-Williams Equation, Manning Equation, Optimization, and Sewer Design.

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R. K. Rai ¹, S. S. Shinde ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

The optimal design of sewer line have, so far, been restricted to complete gravity systems whereas in real life situations, intermediate or tail end pumping station becomes imperative, both from engineering and cost considerations. This paper deals with the development of an approach for the optimization of sewer line with tail end pumping station. The work is divided into two parts. At the first part, gravity sewers are designed and at the later part, the sewer line is designed along with the tail end pumping station. The dynamic programming (DP) technique is used as a tool for optimization throughout the sewer line design, along with Manning equation. The cost of pump considering the stand by fraction for pump and the energy cost are considered as cost function for pumping of waste water in addition to the cost function for sewer line design. The algorithm was developed for optimization of cost function of sewer line with tail end pumping station. The effectiveness of the algorithm was tested through an illustrated design example.

Keywords

Dynamic Programming, Sewage Pumping, Optimization, Sewer Design.

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B. A. Konnur ¹, R. K. Rai ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Karad, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

The primary objectives of the National Water Policy of India 2002 are to improve the performance and cost effectiveness of programmes in the field of drinking water supply and to ensure the availability of an adequate quantity of drinking water of acceptable quality on a long term basis. This is possible only by providing low cost but practical and effective solutions to identified problems, associated with the supply of drinking water, through the application of available scientific and technological inputs. For effective and economical management of water supply systems, the National Water Policy identified thrust areas which need intensifying research efforts. These areas include economical designs for water resource projects, better water management practices, and improvements in operational technology. This paper reviews the methods for analysis and design of multi reservoir multi junction water transmission networks which are important components of every water supply system. Recent improvements in design methods which incorporate cost aspects are also discussed in paper.

Keywords

National Water Policy, Economical, WTP.

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R. K. Rai ¹, Ajay Kumar Triphathi ¹, A. K. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (U.P.), IN

Abstract

The study reveals that average cost of cultivation of papaya crop in district Varanasi came to Rs. 38369/ ha. It was lowest to Rs. 34931.59/ha. on marginal farms Rs. 38224.66/ha. small and highest of Rs. 41540.44/ha. on large size group of farms. The average return over cost C came to Rs. 99323.60/ha. which was lowest Rs. 71068.40/ha. on marginal farmers, Rs. 92575.34/ha on small farms and highest Rs. 110859.56/ha. on large farms. Papaya crop gave an average benefit more the three times from the investment of Rs. 1 on all three size of group of farms, but large size group of farms fetch Rs. 3.36 as compared to small Rs. 3.42 and marginal Rs. 3.03 per rupee investment. The marketing of papaya reflects that 38.76 per cent of marketed surplus of papaya disposed in channel–III followed by channel –II (34.42%) and channel–I (26.82%). The 51.38 per cent of total producer’s surplus was accounted by large farmers 28.84 per cent by marginal farmers and 19.78 per cent by small farmers. Minimum marketing cost, 2.80 per cent of consumer’s purchase price was incurred in channel –I while it was 16.84 per cent in channel-II and 33.90 per cent in channel –II and 33.90 per cent in channel – III. The net price received by producer (papaya grower) in channel - I, II and III was 97, 83.16 and 66.10 per cent, respectively. It was apparent, that channel – I is more advantageous to producer as well as consumer for better margin and proper satisfaction to producer. Near about 31 per cent profit margin was distributed among number of intermediaries in channel –III severely affected to papaya growers as well as decreases in price spread to intermediaries. The producers/growers of papaya especially small and marginal may advised to sell their produce in rural market either directly to consumers or tiup with some retailer in their area with an agreement to supply a fixed quantum of papaya regularly. This will help to prevent the bulk supply in the rural market for better price incentive to papaya producer regularly as well as decreases the price spread into number of market intermediaries with better utility to the consumers’ rupee.

Keywords

Production, Marketing, Papaya.

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R. K. Rai ¹, A. K. Tripathi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U. S. Nagar, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), IN

Abstract

This paper examined the cost and return of guava orchard revealed that the establishment cost of guava orchard at first year is higher as compared to second year and third year of the gestation period. Inter cropping of wheat play an important role to provide income in gestation period for curtailing the establishment cost. Highest input cost involved in more than 12 years aged orchard with low productivity and income while 6-12 year aged guava orchard provide better production as well as income and employment to the growers. Kanpur Nagar is potential area of guava producing a large quantum of fruits having good quality competing to allahabadi guava. In lean season the whole sale price of guava reach upto Rs.1000-1200 per qtl., which decline the level of income of guava producer. It is due to lack of assured/efficient and innovative marketing arrangements and facilities for better storage and transport for remunerative prices and value addition to mitigate the production and marketing risk. It is suggested to make a guava growers co-operatives under support of government agencies to seek better remunerative prices through efficient market as well as facilities of cooling chains and processing units during postharvest may provide a big incentive to guava growers for better productivity, income and employment in the study area.

Keywords

Cost of Cultivation, Gross Return, Net Return, Benefit Cost Ratio.

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